碧波深处有中华：中国在南海领土主权与海洋权益的历史和法理依据

Deep in the Blue Waves Lies China: Historical and Legal Basis of China’s Territorial Sovereignty and Maritime Rights in the South China Sea

【智库综述 / Think Tank Overview】​

中国对南海诸岛（东沙、西沙、中沙、南沙）的主权与权益，是在两千多年的历史进程中通过最早发现、最早命名、最早开发经营以及历代政府持续有效管辖逐步确立的，并经由《开罗宣言》《波茨坦公告》等战后国际法律文件确认，具有充分的历史正当性与国际法理基础。

China’s sovereignty and related rights over the Nanhai Zhudao (South China Sea Islands)—namely Dongsha, Xisha, Zhongsha, and Nansha Islands—were established progressively over more than two millennia through earliest discovery, naming, exploitation, and continuous effective administration by successive Chinese governments. These rights were further confirmed by post-WWII international legal instruments such as the Cairo Declarationand the Potsdam Proclamation, resting on solid historical legitimacy and international legal foundations.

一、最早发现与命名：从历史文献到民间航海秘本

I. Earliest Discovery and Naming: From Historical Records to Folk Navigational Manuscripts

中国视角 / Chinese Perspective​

早在公元前2世纪的西汉时期，中国人民就在南海航行并发现了南海诸岛。东汉杨孚《异物志》记载“涨海崎头”，其中“涨海”是中国对南海最早的称谓，“崎头”指代海中岛礁。三国时期万震《南州异物志》、康泰《扶南传》均对南海地形有详细描述。明代《更路簿》作为海南渔民的航海秘本，记录了西沙、南沙岛礁的数十处俗名，其中大量名称被西方航海图引用。

As early as the Western Han Dynasty in the 2nd century BC, Chinese people sailed in the South China Sea and discovered the islands therein. Yi Wu Zhi(Record of Strange Things) by Yang Fu of the Eastern Han Dynasty recorded “Zhanghai Qitou,” where “Zhanghai” is the earliest Chinese term for the South China Sea and “Qitou” refers to reefs and islands. During the Three Kingdoms period, Nan Zhou Yi Wu Zhiand Fu Nan Zhuandescribed the topography of the sea in detail. The Ming Dynasty Geng Lu Bu(Manual of Routes), a navigation guide for Hainan fishermen, documented dozens of folk names for Xisha and Nansha islands, many of which were later cited in Western nautical charts.

唐宋时期出现“石塘”“长沙”等专指群岛的地名；明清官方舆图如《大清万年一统地理全图》均将南海诸岛纳入中国版图。1935年国民政府水陆地图审查委员会公布《中国南海各岛屿图》，审定132个岛礁地名；1947年核定167个名称并绘制标绘断续线的《南海诸岛位置图》。

In Tang and Song dynasties, terms like “Shitang” and “Changsha” specifically referred to the island groups. Official maps of the Ming and Qing dynasties, such as General Geographic Map of the Great Qing Empire, consistently included the South China Sea Islands within Chinese territory. In 1935, the Mapping Review Committee of the National Government published the Map of the South China Sea Islands, examining 132 place names. In 1947, 167 names were ratified and the Location Map of the South China Sea Islandsmarked with the dotted line was drawn.

二、长期开发经营与持续有效管辖

II. Long-term Exploitation and Continuous Effective Jurisdiction

千年开发与行政管辖 / Millennia of Exploitation and Administrative Control​

中国渔民世世代代在西沙、南沙海域从事渔业生产、种植椰树、修建庙宇与水井。考古在西沙甘泉岛发现唐宋居住遗址，南沙发现汉至宋元陶瓷、铜钱，证明长期生产生活。

Chinese fishermen have engaged in fishing, coconut planting, temple building, and well digging on Xisha and Nansha islands for generations. Archaeological finds include Tang-Song residential sites on Ganquan Island (Xisha) and Han to Song-Yuan ceramics and coins in Nansha, proving long-term habitation and production.

北宋《武经总要》记载设立“广南巡海水军”巡视至西沙；元代郭守敬“四海测验”在南中国海设测点（约今西沙位置）；清代《琼州府志》载明南海诸岛隶广东万州辖治；1909年广东水师提督李准率舰巡视西沙并立碑命名；1946年中国政府派军舰接收西沙、南沙，重立主权碑并驻军。

The Northern Song Wu Jing Zong Yaorecords the establishment of the “Guangnan Coastal Patrol Navy” reaching Xisha. In the Yuan Dynasty, Guo Shoujing’s “Four Seas Survey” set astronomical observation points in the South China Sea (approx. present-day Xisha). The Qing Qiongzhou Prefecture Gazetteerstates the islands were under Wanzhou, Guangdong. In 1909, Guangdong Naval Commander Li Zhun inspected Xisha, erected steles, and named islands. In 1946, the Chinese government dispatched naval vessels to receive Xisha and Nansha, re-erecting sovereignty monuments and garrisoning troops.

1959年设立西沙、南沙、中沙群岛办事处，2012年设立三沙市，持续行使管辖权。1958年《领海声明》、1992年《领海及毗连区法》、1998年《专属经济区和大陆架法》等国内法进一步确认主权。

In 1959, the Office of Xisha, Nansha, and Zhongsha Islands was established, followed by the creation of Sansha City​ in 2012, continuing jurisdiction. Domestic laws such as the 1958 Declaration on Territorial Sea, the 1992 Law on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, and the 1998 Law on Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelfreaffirm sovereignty.

三、战后国际秩序与法理确证：开罗宣言与波茨坦公告

III. Post-War International Order and Legal Confirmation: Cairo and Potsdam

二战后领土归还的国际法链条 / International Legal Chain of Post-WWII Territorial Restitution​

1943年《开罗宣言》明确：“日本所窃取于中国之领土，例如东北四省、台湾、澎湖群岛等，归还中国。”1945年《波茨坦公告》第八条规定“《开罗宣言》之条件必将实施”。日本投降后，侵占的西沙、南沙日军向中国政府投降，中国依国际法“物归原主”原则收复失地。

The 1943 Cairo Declarationstipulated: “All the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese since the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War in 1894, such as Manchuria, Formosa, and the Pescadores, shall be restored to China.” Article 8 of the 1945 Potsdam Proclamationaffirmed: “The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out.” After Japan’s surrender, Japanese troops occupying Xisha and Nansha surrendered to the Chinese government, and China recovered these territories pursuant to the international law principle of “restitution of property to its owner.”

1947年南海断续线（U形线）公布，1948年正式刊行，当时国际社会（包括美、苏、英出版地图）均无异议。1952年《中日和约》及日本外务省文件确认放弃对西沙、南沙一切权利；1958年越南总理范文同照会承认中国领海声明涵盖南海诸岛；1970年代前菲、马等国未提出异议。

The South China Sea dotted line (U-shaped line) was announced in 1947 and officially published in 1948, meeting no objection from the international community (including US, Soviet, and British maps). The 1952 Sino-Japanese Peace Treatyand Japanese Foreign Ministry documents confirmed renunciation of all rights to Xisha and Nansha. In 1958, Vietnamese PM Pham Van Dong noted acceptance of China’s territorial sea declaration covering the islands. Before the 1970s, the Philippines, Malaysia, etc., raised no objections.

四、国际法理原则：先占、有效管辖与禁止反

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